Is “Who art” correct?












6















I came across these lines in a hymn:




Cherubim and seraphim falling down before Thee,
Which wert and art, and ever more shalt be.




I noticed that "wert", "art", and "shalt" were used with the subject "which" in the last line instead of which "thou." At first I thought this was just a grammatical mistake on the side of the hymn writer, but then I kept seeing such things where verbs in second person singular form are used with indefinite pronouns such as "which" or "who". Another example is give in this StackExchange question whose answer doesn't really answer my question.



So now I'm wondering, is it correct to use second person singular verbs with indefinite pronouns if the indefinite pronoun refers to a second person singular pronoun (in the hymn, "which" reffers to "Thee" from the last line)?










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    6















    I came across these lines in a hymn:




    Cherubim and seraphim falling down before Thee,
    Which wert and art, and ever more shalt be.




    I noticed that "wert", "art", and "shalt" were used with the subject "which" in the last line instead of which "thou." At first I thought this was just a grammatical mistake on the side of the hymn writer, but then I kept seeing such things where verbs in second person singular form are used with indefinite pronouns such as "which" or "who". Another example is give in this StackExchange question whose answer doesn't really answer my question.



    So now I'm wondering, is it correct to use second person singular verbs with indefinite pronouns if the indefinite pronoun refers to a second person singular pronoun (in the hymn, "which" reffers to "Thee" from the last line)?










    share|improve this question







    New contributor




    ElliotThomas is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
    Check out our Code of Conduct.























      6












      6








      6








      I came across these lines in a hymn:




      Cherubim and seraphim falling down before Thee,
      Which wert and art, and ever more shalt be.




      I noticed that "wert", "art", and "shalt" were used with the subject "which" in the last line instead of which "thou." At first I thought this was just a grammatical mistake on the side of the hymn writer, but then I kept seeing such things where verbs in second person singular form are used with indefinite pronouns such as "which" or "who". Another example is give in this StackExchange question whose answer doesn't really answer my question.



      So now I'm wondering, is it correct to use second person singular verbs with indefinite pronouns if the indefinite pronoun refers to a second person singular pronoun (in the hymn, "which" reffers to "Thee" from the last line)?










      share|improve this question







      New contributor




      ElliotThomas is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.












      I came across these lines in a hymn:




      Cherubim and seraphim falling down before Thee,
      Which wert and art, and ever more shalt be.




      I noticed that "wert", "art", and "shalt" were used with the subject "which" in the last line instead of which "thou." At first I thought this was just a grammatical mistake on the side of the hymn writer, but then I kept seeing such things where verbs in second person singular form are used with indefinite pronouns such as "which" or "who". Another example is give in this StackExchange question whose answer doesn't really answer my question.



      So now I'm wondering, is it correct to use second person singular verbs with indefinite pronouns if the indefinite pronoun refers to a second person singular pronoun (in the hymn, "which" reffers to "Thee" from the last line)?







      grammaticality pronouns archaic victorian-english






      share|improve this question







      New contributor




      ElliotThomas is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.











      share|improve this question







      New contributor




      ElliotThomas is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.









      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question






      New contributor




      ElliotThomas is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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      asked 2 hours ago









      ElliotThomasElliotThomas

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      New contributor




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      New contributor





      ElliotThomas is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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          2 Answers
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          active

          oldest

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          8














          Yes, "thou (...) who art" or "thee (...) who art" are correct.



          I wasn't sure from the title whether you were asking about relative pronouns or interrogative pronouns, so I will discuss both in my post.



          In the hymn that you quote, the relative pronoun "which" takes second-person singular agreement because its antecedent is the second-person singular pronoun "thee". This is a special thing that happened/happens in old-fashioned or formal English' related questions about this topic are What rules make “Remember me, who am your friend” grammatical? and "Me who is" or "me who am"?



          In terms of interrogatives, "Who art..." would be possible in a sentence with "thou": "Who art thou?" In modern English, sentences of these type (e.g. "Who am I?") are best analyzed as having "who" as the (fronted) predicate rather than as the subject: a piece of evidence that "I" and not "who" is the subject of "Who am I?" is that we can't say *"Who am me", even though in predicate position "me" is usually possible. In older varieties of English, I'm not sure whether there is any clear way of establishing which word is the subject in questions like this.






          share|improve this answer
























          • Even if "who" were the subject in "Who am I", wouldn't "I" be the predicate nominative, which is in the nominative form ("I" instead of "me"), anyway?

            – ElliotThomas
            57 mins ago











          • If you want to refute the theory that the subject in "Who am I?" is "who", why not consider "who is me"? After all, if the subject is "who", nothing forces the verb to be first-person, right?

            – Rosie F
            48 mins ago











          • @RosieF "Who is me?" would be incorrect because it would still be of the form "Subject linking_verb predicate_nominative". Since the predicate_nominative has to be in the nominative form, it would have to be "Who is I?", but then I guess the verb doesn't agree with "who," because, according to this answer, the verb for "who" needs to agree with whatever the "who" represents (in this case, "I"). Thus, it would have to be "Who am I?" regardless of whether the "Who" or the "I" are the subject, which is ambiguous as ambiguous as asking which letter is equal to what in "a = b".

            – ElliotThomas
            45 secs ago



















          0














          Consider:




          • He, who is your master, ...

          • They, who are your masters, ...

          • You, who are my master, ...

          • You, who are my masters, ...

          • I, who am your master, ...


          I surely wouldn't say "I, who is your master, ..." or "You, who is my master, ...", or "They, who is my masters, ...".






          share|improve this answer
























          • So is your answer to the original Q 'Yes' or 'No'?

            – TrevorD
            1 hour ago











          • Do you think I reached the conclusion that I arrived at in my response (that the form of the copula follows not "who" but its antecedent) and then expected it to be understood that the exact opposite conclusion should be drawn about the original question?

            – Green Grasso Holm
            56 mins ago













          • I'm sorry, but I understand neither your answer nor your comment - and I can see no clear "conclusion" in your answer. It is not clear to me how your answer relates to the Q. about "Who art". I also note that the questioner is a "New contributor" and that we are asked to be considerate about how we respond to new contributors.

            – TrevorD
            23 mins ago











          Your Answer








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          2 Answers
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          active

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          2 Answers
          2






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          active

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          active

          oldest

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          8














          Yes, "thou (...) who art" or "thee (...) who art" are correct.



          I wasn't sure from the title whether you were asking about relative pronouns or interrogative pronouns, so I will discuss both in my post.



          In the hymn that you quote, the relative pronoun "which" takes second-person singular agreement because its antecedent is the second-person singular pronoun "thee". This is a special thing that happened/happens in old-fashioned or formal English' related questions about this topic are What rules make “Remember me, who am your friend” grammatical? and "Me who is" or "me who am"?



          In terms of interrogatives, "Who art..." would be possible in a sentence with "thou": "Who art thou?" In modern English, sentences of these type (e.g. "Who am I?") are best analyzed as having "who" as the (fronted) predicate rather than as the subject: a piece of evidence that "I" and not "who" is the subject of "Who am I?" is that we can't say *"Who am me", even though in predicate position "me" is usually possible. In older varieties of English, I'm not sure whether there is any clear way of establishing which word is the subject in questions like this.






          share|improve this answer
























          • Even if "who" were the subject in "Who am I", wouldn't "I" be the predicate nominative, which is in the nominative form ("I" instead of "me"), anyway?

            – ElliotThomas
            57 mins ago











          • If you want to refute the theory that the subject in "Who am I?" is "who", why not consider "who is me"? After all, if the subject is "who", nothing forces the verb to be first-person, right?

            – Rosie F
            48 mins ago











          • @RosieF "Who is me?" would be incorrect because it would still be of the form "Subject linking_verb predicate_nominative". Since the predicate_nominative has to be in the nominative form, it would have to be "Who is I?", but then I guess the verb doesn't agree with "who," because, according to this answer, the verb for "who" needs to agree with whatever the "who" represents (in this case, "I"). Thus, it would have to be "Who am I?" regardless of whether the "Who" or the "I" are the subject, which is ambiguous as ambiguous as asking which letter is equal to what in "a = b".

            – ElliotThomas
            45 secs ago
















          8














          Yes, "thou (...) who art" or "thee (...) who art" are correct.



          I wasn't sure from the title whether you were asking about relative pronouns or interrogative pronouns, so I will discuss both in my post.



          In the hymn that you quote, the relative pronoun "which" takes second-person singular agreement because its antecedent is the second-person singular pronoun "thee". This is a special thing that happened/happens in old-fashioned or formal English' related questions about this topic are What rules make “Remember me, who am your friend” grammatical? and "Me who is" or "me who am"?



          In terms of interrogatives, "Who art..." would be possible in a sentence with "thou": "Who art thou?" In modern English, sentences of these type (e.g. "Who am I?") are best analyzed as having "who" as the (fronted) predicate rather than as the subject: a piece of evidence that "I" and not "who" is the subject of "Who am I?" is that we can't say *"Who am me", even though in predicate position "me" is usually possible. In older varieties of English, I'm not sure whether there is any clear way of establishing which word is the subject in questions like this.






          share|improve this answer
























          • Even if "who" were the subject in "Who am I", wouldn't "I" be the predicate nominative, which is in the nominative form ("I" instead of "me"), anyway?

            – ElliotThomas
            57 mins ago











          • If you want to refute the theory that the subject in "Who am I?" is "who", why not consider "who is me"? After all, if the subject is "who", nothing forces the verb to be first-person, right?

            – Rosie F
            48 mins ago











          • @RosieF "Who is me?" would be incorrect because it would still be of the form "Subject linking_verb predicate_nominative". Since the predicate_nominative has to be in the nominative form, it would have to be "Who is I?", but then I guess the verb doesn't agree with "who," because, according to this answer, the verb for "who" needs to agree with whatever the "who" represents (in this case, "I"). Thus, it would have to be "Who am I?" regardless of whether the "Who" or the "I" are the subject, which is ambiguous as ambiguous as asking which letter is equal to what in "a = b".

            – ElliotThomas
            45 secs ago














          8












          8








          8







          Yes, "thou (...) who art" or "thee (...) who art" are correct.



          I wasn't sure from the title whether you were asking about relative pronouns or interrogative pronouns, so I will discuss both in my post.



          In the hymn that you quote, the relative pronoun "which" takes second-person singular agreement because its antecedent is the second-person singular pronoun "thee". This is a special thing that happened/happens in old-fashioned or formal English' related questions about this topic are What rules make “Remember me, who am your friend” grammatical? and "Me who is" or "me who am"?



          In terms of interrogatives, "Who art..." would be possible in a sentence with "thou": "Who art thou?" In modern English, sentences of these type (e.g. "Who am I?") are best analyzed as having "who" as the (fronted) predicate rather than as the subject: a piece of evidence that "I" and not "who" is the subject of "Who am I?" is that we can't say *"Who am me", even though in predicate position "me" is usually possible. In older varieties of English, I'm not sure whether there is any clear way of establishing which word is the subject in questions like this.






          share|improve this answer













          Yes, "thou (...) who art" or "thee (...) who art" are correct.



          I wasn't sure from the title whether you were asking about relative pronouns or interrogative pronouns, so I will discuss both in my post.



          In the hymn that you quote, the relative pronoun "which" takes second-person singular agreement because its antecedent is the second-person singular pronoun "thee". This is a special thing that happened/happens in old-fashioned or formal English' related questions about this topic are What rules make “Remember me, who am your friend” grammatical? and "Me who is" or "me who am"?



          In terms of interrogatives, "Who art..." would be possible in a sentence with "thou": "Who art thou?" In modern English, sentences of these type (e.g. "Who am I?") are best analyzed as having "who" as the (fronted) predicate rather than as the subject: a piece of evidence that "I" and not "who" is the subject of "Who am I?" is that we can't say *"Who am me", even though in predicate position "me" is usually possible. In older varieties of English, I'm not sure whether there is any clear way of establishing which word is the subject in questions like this.







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered 2 hours ago









          sumelicsumelic

          46.4k8109213




          46.4k8109213













          • Even if "who" were the subject in "Who am I", wouldn't "I" be the predicate nominative, which is in the nominative form ("I" instead of "me"), anyway?

            – ElliotThomas
            57 mins ago











          • If you want to refute the theory that the subject in "Who am I?" is "who", why not consider "who is me"? After all, if the subject is "who", nothing forces the verb to be first-person, right?

            – Rosie F
            48 mins ago











          • @RosieF "Who is me?" would be incorrect because it would still be of the form "Subject linking_verb predicate_nominative". Since the predicate_nominative has to be in the nominative form, it would have to be "Who is I?", but then I guess the verb doesn't agree with "who," because, according to this answer, the verb for "who" needs to agree with whatever the "who" represents (in this case, "I"). Thus, it would have to be "Who am I?" regardless of whether the "Who" or the "I" are the subject, which is ambiguous as ambiguous as asking which letter is equal to what in "a = b".

            – ElliotThomas
            45 secs ago



















          • Even if "who" were the subject in "Who am I", wouldn't "I" be the predicate nominative, which is in the nominative form ("I" instead of "me"), anyway?

            – ElliotThomas
            57 mins ago











          • If you want to refute the theory that the subject in "Who am I?" is "who", why not consider "who is me"? After all, if the subject is "who", nothing forces the verb to be first-person, right?

            – Rosie F
            48 mins ago











          • @RosieF "Who is me?" would be incorrect because it would still be of the form "Subject linking_verb predicate_nominative". Since the predicate_nominative has to be in the nominative form, it would have to be "Who is I?", but then I guess the verb doesn't agree with "who," because, according to this answer, the verb for "who" needs to agree with whatever the "who" represents (in this case, "I"). Thus, it would have to be "Who am I?" regardless of whether the "Who" or the "I" are the subject, which is ambiguous as ambiguous as asking which letter is equal to what in "a = b".

            – ElliotThomas
            45 secs ago

















          Even if "who" were the subject in "Who am I", wouldn't "I" be the predicate nominative, which is in the nominative form ("I" instead of "me"), anyway?

          – ElliotThomas
          57 mins ago





          Even if "who" were the subject in "Who am I", wouldn't "I" be the predicate nominative, which is in the nominative form ("I" instead of "me"), anyway?

          – ElliotThomas
          57 mins ago













          If you want to refute the theory that the subject in "Who am I?" is "who", why not consider "who is me"? After all, if the subject is "who", nothing forces the verb to be first-person, right?

          – Rosie F
          48 mins ago





          If you want to refute the theory that the subject in "Who am I?" is "who", why not consider "who is me"? After all, if the subject is "who", nothing forces the verb to be first-person, right?

          – Rosie F
          48 mins ago













          @RosieF "Who is me?" would be incorrect because it would still be of the form "Subject linking_verb predicate_nominative". Since the predicate_nominative has to be in the nominative form, it would have to be "Who is I?", but then I guess the verb doesn't agree with "who," because, according to this answer, the verb for "who" needs to agree with whatever the "who" represents (in this case, "I"). Thus, it would have to be "Who am I?" regardless of whether the "Who" or the "I" are the subject, which is ambiguous as ambiguous as asking which letter is equal to what in "a = b".

          – ElliotThomas
          45 secs ago





          @RosieF "Who is me?" would be incorrect because it would still be of the form "Subject linking_verb predicate_nominative". Since the predicate_nominative has to be in the nominative form, it would have to be "Who is I?", but then I guess the verb doesn't agree with "who," because, according to this answer, the verb for "who" needs to agree with whatever the "who" represents (in this case, "I"). Thus, it would have to be "Who am I?" regardless of whether the "Who" or the "I" are the subject, which is ambiguous as ambiguous as asking which letter is equal to what in "a = b".

          – ElliotThomas
          45 secs ago













          0














          Consider:




          • He, who is your master, ...

          • They, who are your masters, ...

          • You, who are my master, ...

          • You, who are my masters, ...

          • I, who am your master, ...


          I surely wouldn't say "I, who is your master, ..." or "You, who is my master, ...", or "They, who is my masters, ...".






          share|improve this answer
























          • So is your answer to the original Q 'Yes' or 'No'?

            – TrevorD
            1 hour ago











          • Do you think I reached the conclusion that I arrived at in my response (that the form of the copula follows not "who" but its antecedent) and then expected it to be understood that the exact opposite conclusion should be drawn about the original question?

            – Green Grasso Holm
            56 mins ago













          • I'm sorry, but I understand neither your answer nor your comment - and I can see no clear "conclusion" in your answer. It is not clear to me how your answer relates to the Q. about "Who art". I also note that the questioner is a "New contributor" and that we are asked to be considerate about how we respond to new contributors.

            – TrevorD
            23 mins ago
















          0














          Consider:




          • He, who is your master, ...

          • They, who are your masters, ...

          • You, who are my master, ...

          • You, who are my masters, ...

          • I, who am your master, ...


          I surely wouldn't say "I, who is your master, ..." or "You, who is my master, ...", or "They, who is my masters, ...".






          share|improve this answer
























          • So is your answer to the original Q 'Yes' or 'No'?

            – TrevorD
            1 hour ago











          • Do you think I reached the conclusion that I arrived at in my response (that the form of the copula follows not "who" but its antecedent) and then expected it to be understood that the exact opposite conclusion should be drawn about the original question?

            – Green Grasso Holm
            56 mins ago













          • I'm sorry, but I understand neither your answer nor your comment - and I can see no clear "conclusion" in your answer. It is not clear to me how your answer relates to the Q. about "Who art". I also note that the questioner is a "New contributor" and that we are asked to be considerate about how we respond to new contributors.

            – TrevorD
            23 mins ago














          0












          0








          0







          Consider:




          • He, who is your master, ...

          • They, who are your masters, ...

          • You, who are my master, ...

          • You, who are my masters, ...

          • I, who am your master, ...


          I surely wouldn't say "I, who is your master, ..." or "You, who is my master, ...", or "They, who is my masters, ...".






          share|improve this answer













          Consider:




          • He, who is your master, ...

          • They, who are your masters, ...

          • You, who are my master, ...

          • You, who are my masters, ...

          • I, who am your master, ...


          I surely wouldn't say "I, who is your master, ..." or "You, who is my master, ...", or "They, who is my masters, ...".







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered 1 hour ago









          Green Grasso HolmGreen Grasso Holm

          2,261416




          2,261416













          • So is your answer to the original Q 'Yes' or 'No'?

            – TrevorD
            1 hour ago











          • Do you think I reached the conclusion that I arrived at in my response (that the form of the copula follows not "who" but its antecedent) and then expected it to be understood that the exact opposite conclusion should be drawn about the original question?

            – Green Grasso Holm
            56 mins ago













          • I'm sorry, but I understand neither your answer nor your comment - and I can see no clear "conclusion" in your answer. It is not clear to me how your answer relates to the Q. about "Who art". I also note that the questioner is a "New contributor" and that we are asked to be considerate about how we respond to new contributors.

            – TrevorD
            23 mins ago



















          • So is your answer to the original Q 'Yes' or 'No'?

            – TrevorD
            1 hour ago











          • Do you think I reached the conclusion that I arrived at in my response (that the form of the copula follows not "who" but its antecedent) and then expected it to be understood that the exact opposite conclusion should be drawn about the original question?

            – Green Grasso Holm
            56 mins ago













          • I'm sorry, but I understand neither your answer nor your comment - and I can see no clear "conclusion" in your answer. It is not clear to me how your answer relates to the Q. about "Who art". I also note that the questioner is a "New contributor" and that we are asked to be considerate about how we respond to new contributors.

            – TrevorD
            23 mins ago

















          So is your answer to the original Q 'Yes' or 'No'?

          – TrevorD
          1 hour ago





          So is your answer to the original Q 'Yes' or 'No'?

          – TrevorD
          1 hour ago













          Do you think I reached the conclusion that I arrived at in my response (that the form of the copula follows not "who" but its antecedent) and then expected it to be understood that the exact opposite conclusion should be drawn about the original question?

          – Green Grasso Holm
          56 mins ago







          Do you think I reached the conclusion that I arrived at in my response (that the form of the copula follows not "who" but its antecedent) and then expected it to be understood that the exact opposite conclusion should be drawn about the original question?

          – Green Grasso Holm
          56 mins ago















          I'm sorry, but I understand neither your answer nor your comment - and I can see no clear "conclusion" in your answer. It is not clear to me how your answer relates to the Q. about "Who art". I also note that the questioner is a "New contributor" and that we are asked to be considerate about how we respond to new contributors.

          – TrevorD
          23 mins ago





          I'm sorry, but I understand neither your answer nor your comment - and I can see no clear "conclusion" in your answer. It is not clear to me how your answer relates to the Q. about "Who art". I also note that the questioner is a "New contributor" and that we are asked to be considerate about how we respond to new contributors.

          – TrevorD
          23 mins ago










          ElliotThomas is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.










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